WASHINGTON DC -- The battle for academic freedom and institutional sovereignty in higher education continues to play out as another university has rejected a White House offer for expanded access to federal funding in return for agreeing to a series of demands.

On Monday, the University of Arizona declined an offer by the Trump administration to join a compact that would potentially give preferential funding in exchange for a list of changes to school policy, including no longer considering sex and ethnicity in admissions and capping international enrollment. The letter was sent to nine universities at the beginning of the month, and seven schools have rejected the offer so far.

The compact is aimed at “the proactive improvement of higher education for the betterment of the country,” according to a letter sent to the universities.

In a letter addressed to Secretary of Education Linda McMahon, University of Arizona President Suresh Garimella said, “We seek no special treatment and believe in our ability to compete for federally funded research strictly on merit.”

The University of Arizona’s refusal comes after the University of Virginia rejected the offer after a meeting at the White House on Friday. UVA has since reached a separate agreement with the administration aimed at ending federal investigations into admissions practices and civil rights.

The Universities of Southern California and Pennsylvania, Brown University, Dartmouth College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have all also rejected the proposal. Vanderbilt University and the University of Texas at Austin have said they are reviewing the compact or haven’t commented publicly.

Before UVA announced it was declining the offer, Trump officials on Friday convened representatives from the school and several other universities – including three additional schools that have now been asked to sign on to the compact, a White House official said.

The White House cast Friday’s conversation as “productive” and said it is now up to the schools to decide. CNN has reached out to the remaining schools for comment.

The offers come as the Trump administration attempts different methods of crafting an unprecedented level of control over universities – among the centers of cultural debate in American life.

As universities contemplate the Trump administration’s offer, here is what we know about the choice ahead.

What the compact is

Letters were sent to nine universities on October 1, asking them to agree to a series of demands in return for expanded access to federal funding. Several of these schools have already had fundingdisputes with the administration.

Since then, another three schools – Arizona State University, theUniversity of Kansas and Washington University in St. Louis – were also asked to take part in the agreement, a White House official said. Representatives from the three schools were at Friday’s meeting at the White House, along with those of Vanderbilt, Dartmouth, Texas at Austin, Arizona and UVA.

The universities were asked to implement ideological polices, such as removing factors like sex and ethnicity from admissions consideration, to foster “a vibrant marketplace of ideas on campus” with “no single ideology dominant, both along political and other relevant lines,” as well as to assess faculty and staff viewpoints, and adopt definitions of gender “according to reproductive function and biological processes,” according to a copy of the document obtained by CNN.

Schools that sign on must also commit to reforming or shuttering “institutional units that purposefully punish, belittle, and even spark violence against conservative ideas,” the document says.

The letters also request changes to other aspects of university culture, including a commitment to “grade integrity,” a mandatory five-year freeze on tuition costs and a 15% required cap on international students, the document says.

If the schools enter the agreement, they “would be given priority for grants when possible as well as invitations for White House events and discussions with officials,” a White House official said when the letters were sent.

To ensure enforcement, the compact would require faculty, students and staff to participate in an annual “anonymous poll” to see if universities are complying with the agreement.

While the letter said that “limited, targeted feedback” would be welcomed, the compact was “largely in its final form” and hoped to have initial signatories “no later than November 21, 2025.”

An initial copy of the compact was drafted in December, according to a source familiar with the matter, with edits and changes made collaboratively since the president returned to the White House.

What is at stake for the schools

Colleges and universities have been a target for Trump’s second term, and this is one of several attempts to get select universities to comply with their ideological requirements. Harvard University is the only university to take on the White House directly in court, and while the school has had some judicial victories, the Trump administration continues to seek new and creative ways to apply pressure to the school.

Some schools, including several of the nine schools that received the letters, have been involved in funding battles since the new administration assumed power. While some prominent schools have made deals or concessions, others maintain their concerns despite pressure through government investigations or revoked grants.

Schools have even invested in federal lobbying, with a CNN analysis showing that Trump’s higher education targets have together spent 122% more in lobbying expenses in Q2 of this year compared with last year, with nine out of 14 institutions singled out by Trump doubling their spending since last year.

Signing onto the compact would give the universities “a competitive advantage,” a White House official previously said. The letter also said that it would “yield multiple positive benefits for the school, including allowance for increased overhead payments where feasible, substantial and meaningful federal grants, and other federal partnerships.”

How schools have responded

In declining the offer, University of Arizona President Garimella said, “We have much common ground with the ideas your administration is advancing on changes that would benefit American higher education and our nation at large.” But, “a federal research funding system based on anything other than merit would weaken the world’s preeminent engine for innovation, advancement of technology, and solutions to many of our nation’s most profound challenges.”

Dartmouth College declined the offer Saturday morning. Dartmouth President Sian Leah Beilock maintained the school needs to set its own policies according to its mission and values, she said in a statement.

“I do not believe that a compact—with any administration—is the right approach to achieve academic excellence, as it would compromise our academic freedom, our ability to govern ourselves, and the principle that federal research funds should be awarded to the best, most promising ideas,” Beilock said.

The University of Virginia declined the offer last week, just hours after school officials attended a meeting at the White House regarding the compact. While there are many areas of agreement in the proposed compact, “we believe that the best path toward real and durable progress lies in an open and collaborative conversation,” university interim President Paul Mahoney said in a statement.

Days later, the school reached a separate agreement with the Trump administration. ?UVA agreed to a Justice Department mandate that it end what the Trump administration cast as unlawful racial discrimination in its programming, admissions and hiring.

Importantly, the deal does not include a monetary settlement, and UVA will not have an outside monitor overseeing compliance. In return, the Trump administration will pause ongoing investigations into UVA on admissions practices and civil rights.

University of Pennsylvania President J. Larry Jameson said he informed the US Department of Education on Thursday that the school declines the proposed compact after receiving input from faculty, students, trustees and others.

Penn “provided focused feedback highlighting areas of existing alignment as well as substantive concerns,” Jameson said in a statement to the community.

USC also declined the offer Thursday, with the university’s Interim President Beong-Soo Kim citing concerns with agreeing to the compact.

While the school recognizes the administration is trying to address issues in higher education, “tying research benefits to it (the compact) would, over time, undermine the same values of free inquiry and academic excellence that the Compact seeks to promote,” Kim said in a letter to Education Secretary McMahon that was shared online.

“Other countries whose governments lack America’s commitment to freedom and democracy have shown how academic excellence can suffer when shifting external priorities tilt the research playing field away from free, meritocratic competition,” Kim said. California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, previously threatened to withhold state funding to universities in his state that agree to the compact.

MIT announced its refusal on October 10, when university President Sally Kornbluth said she acknowledged “the vital importance of these matters,” but that the compact included principles that ultimately “would restrict freedom of expression and our independence as an institution.”

Brown University President Christina H. Paxson made similar comments in her Wednesday letter to the administration, saying they plan to abide by a July 30 agreement they previously reached with the government, but that this compact “by its nature and by various provisions would restrict academic freedom and undermine the autonomy of Brown’s governance.”

Vanderbilt University Chancellor Daniel Diermeier rejected reports that the Nashville university had been asked to accept or reject the compact. “We have been asked to provide feedback and comments as part of an ongoing dialogue, and that is our intention,” he said.

He added that “academic freedom, free expression and independence are essential for universities to make their vital and singular contributions to society.”

The University of Texas at Austin took a different tone than its counterparts. Officials didn’t say if they would sign the agreement, but they “welcome the new opportunity presented to us and we look forward to working with the Trump Administration on it.”

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